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TIME: Almanac 1995
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<text id=89TT3062>
<title>
Nov. 20, 1989: Wall Of Shame:1961-1989
</title>
<history>
TIME--The Weekly Newsmagazine--1989
Nov. 20, 1989 Freedom!
</history>
<article>
<source>Time Magazine</source>
<hdr>
WORLD, Page 42
Wall of Shame -- 1961-1989
</hdr><body>
<p> The geography of the past is studded with walled cities.
Jerusalem and Rome, to name but two from antiquity, fortified
themselves against enemies without. Later, in medieval times,
the citizens of London and Paris built and rebuilt ramparts to
safeguard their liberties, ones that many of their rural
contemporaries, burdened with the feudal status of serf, were
denied. Only in the 20th century has a city had a wall rammed
through its innards, circumscribing the freedom of two-thirds
of its people, forcing upon them a serf-like tie to the land.
Only in Berlin.
</p>
<p> Images of the violation recur. When Berliners in the
Soviet-run sector woke on the morning of Aug. 13, 1961, to find
families sundered and the city rived by barbed wire -- and soon
concrete -- many frantically sought routes of escape. The Berlin
Wall was meant to halt a tide of migrants to the West that had
left East Germany short of workers and threatened the stability
of the Communist regime: more than 2.7 million had departed
since the founding of the German Democratic Republic in 1949,
30,000 in July 1961 alone.
</p>
<p> At first, buildings along the new boundary afforded windows
on the West. Many refugees leaped, some into fire nets, others
to the pavement; more than a few died in the fall. After the
regime bricked up the windows, the resourceful tunneled beneath
the 20-ft. "death strip" and its mines and gun emplacements. The
most daring efforts came from Wall jumpers, who confronted head
on the "antifascist protective barrier," as the jargon of
totalitarianism described the Wall. In their jagged sprints,
dodging searchlight beams and bullets, they created a theater
of longing where the value of freedom -- and the maleficence of
its denial -- found an extraordinary visual expression. In 1962,
in one of the most publicized instances, 18-year-old Peter
Fechter, an East Berlin bricklayer, was cut down by machine-gun
fire as he tried to scale the Wall and, in plain view of Western
policemen and reporters, was left lying for an hour while he
bled to death; finally East German border guards retrieved his
body. Fechter was one of an estimated 75 who have been killed
over the past 28 years while trying to escape across the
barrier.
</p>
<p> The significance of the Wall extended far beyond the city,
far beyond Germany. It became an epitome of the partitioning of
Europe, the overarching symbol of the cold war and one of the
places where the Western alliance and the Warsaw Pact came
gunsight to gunsight. After the magnificent oratory of John F.
Kennedy's "Ich bin ein Berliner" speech, it was de rigueur for
U.S. Presidents -- and other Western leaders -- to come and
shake their fists at the Wall and call down imprecations against
those who had conceived and built it. But the barrier also stood
as a reminder of the limits of power in the nuclear age.
Paradoxically, the Wall, despised though it was, acted as a
bulwark for stability in Europe, ratifying two spheres of
influence and thus maintaining the alternative of cold war to
hot war. It was the most palpable evidence of a deep wound in
European civilization -- and it is finally gone.
</p>
</body></article>
</text>